RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Testing for Rating Consistency in Annual Default Rates JF The Journal of Fixed Income FD Institutional Investor Journals SP 36 OP 51 DO 10.3905/jfi.2001.319296 VO 11 IS 2 A1 Richard Cantor A1 Eric Falkenstein YR 2001 UL https://pm-research.com/content/11/2/36.abstract AB We examine issues in testing whether default rates by credit rating categories are consistent across sectors or consistent over time. Our main findings are that sector and macroeconomic shocks inflate the sample standard deviations, compared to using a simple binomial default probability, and we provide a closed form solution that addresses this problem. We apply these results to two well-known cases: testing rating consistency across regions (U.S. versus non-U.S. companies) and across industries (banks versus nonbanks).